THE GIS

The geographical information system is a computer-based tool used to present, describe and analise data regarding physical data such as land, zoning, and area on an electronic map in the computer. As it presents data more accurately,this tool is used  by a number of development agencies. The GIS presents two important data such Vector and also rector data. Vector data consist of a number of  information analising on computer software. This information is presened in three diffrent format such as point, polygon an line. Ususallly these kind of information is linked by coordinates X and Y. Roster data is a cell-based representation of map features and are data consisting of satelite imagery,aerial photograph,and scanned pictures of a specific area or location.
For urban Planners, or other planning disciplines, the GIS is a very handy tool as it can be used easily and more accurately to make a spatial analysis, attribute analysis, conbined analysis of both spatial and atribute ( Boolean). The GIS is also handy for boffering data, measuring distance of a two areas, matching specific addresses. It is also used for combining and comparing spatial features on two or more map layers,and also used for determining the appropriateness of a given area for a particular use.

Metropolitan Plan

This chapter by Gary Hack  descibes more about metropolitan areas within planning development. Metropolitan area is defined as a large population centre covering  a large mother city  and its adjacent zone of influence, or more than one closely adjoining neighboring central cities and their zone of influence. metropolitan areas in this chapter focus more on american metropolitan cities sucha as San francisco metropolitan areas encompasing city of San francisco itself, and other cities. There are a number of issues within metropolitant areas such as transit. transit problem  is aviously caused by the growing and expending of the metropitan areas. As a result of transit issue,, people are driven out of the inner city as well as the business activities expending out of the city  into the urban fringe to avoid trasfic congestion.
The chapter also discusses the changing trend of the inner city. Here,, current inner cities does not look like they were before when all activities are centralized in the inner of the cities. Nowaday metropolitan cities tends to distribute activities down to the urban fringes.For example; financial and business services are distributed to the outer suburban from the inner cities.
The chapter also describes the future of traditional downtowns. the future of traditional downtowns will bring comparative advantages in the area of tourism, conventions,communicaions,entertainments,healthcare services,higher education,government services, and private businesses.

TOWN PLAN

This chapter developes the idea of urban design whose foundation was based on civic design from the end of 20th century. Urban design it self was come across by a number of  authors in their publications, such as Charles M. robinson in his book  "The improvement of cities and towns, or the practical basis of civic aesthetics in 1903.
Reasons not to,and reasons to do anyway:
it highlights that in terms of reusing the old styles of urban design, it is important for planners to consider any particular characteristics of a surrounding area or region.. this is because each region or area has specific characteristic of its environment, its physical aspect and also demographic facets. by doing so, it help the planners to avoid the wasteful alocation of new infrastructure.Here  the planners or designers are suppossed to address the existing social and evironment issues within a specific region instead of focussing on creating a new region.In order to do this, planners or designers should work hard to ensure that the new development in the fringe of the urban , should be environmentally sound, economically efficient, and sociallly just. The chapter also describes that in creating any development criteria, regional consideration should be included. This is because in the current development , there is more random disposition of resources rather than the geographical approach.
In designing the urban, it is also  important for designer and planners to consider the mix use of development approach as the current existing urban issue is that urban sprawl. therefore in order to address sprawl , mixed use development is appropriate. Moreover, there is also another approach that can be used by designers or planners to address the disconnectivity of urban that is, increasing connectivity.. Connectivity in terms of using the  highways and arterials approaching neigbourhood so it can cover and connect weel the neigbourhoods and towns. By doing so,, it will also make the urban transit work better.

The Mater Plan

 Charles M. Haar in this chapter highlights the functionality of  the master plan and also focus on how the master plan is develeoped and written. Master plan is generally a systematic written document. The master plan its self is used by various disciplines and governmental department.. The are a number of function of the master plan such  as in guiding economic, social and environmental development.In this chapter, it presents how the master plan is developed. As planning issues are expending ,urban planners  are authorized to address the issues. However in order to be eligible in addressing the issues, it is proposed for each state to follow a legal model of planning guideline under the stardard City Planning Enabling Act (SCPEA). In assisting urban planning , each state can produce and then pass any planning laws and  enabling legislation. Here, SCPEA becomes legal legislation which has  three important functionalities in planning facets such as zoninng, subdivision regulations and also the master plan. In particular,,the master plan is defined as a legal document which covers general description of  developing cities in the future. Compared with the preview form of master plan,The modern master plan is designed to guide the planner in developing  a target city in durationg of 10 to 20 years. addition to it's development, the chapter also focuses on role of the master plan to the urban planners.In assiting the planners,, the master plan serves as a first references which is used to guide the planners indesigning a plan for a specific area. In this respect, the master plan plan is seen as a source of information,a technique of coordination, anindicator of goals,  and a divice  for stimulating public interest.Moreover,, the master plan is also used as an important tool in planning for property interests. Here  the master plan becomes a prophesy of public reaction in a sense that it can helap planners predicting any approaches of local authorities  towards proposed develepment site. It is also promotes publict interests in terms of land development so to aviod collision of interest..

Pluralism & Multiculturalism

Multiculturalism and pluralism in the contemporary world is avious and very important to be considered in development planning. Pluralism is a theory or doctrine that stongly highlight a condition in which numerous  district ethic, religious or cultural groups are present ans tolerated within a society. Multiculturalism  focuses on the interaction and communication between different cultural backgrounds. In planners are recommended to consider these two idea in the context of planning. The reason is that  people of different cultural background who are living together in a city or area  have different choices, and needs. Therefore planners are recommended to create a new way of planning to meet their needs. It is highlighted that a better regulation is needed to regulated the residential  consentration which consist of people from different cultural background  within and area especially those who are seen as  minority groups. The regulation needed in the planning has to reflect and fulfill diverse needs and goals. There are  some cities  seen to reflect multiculturalism such as toronto nad canada. From these cities there have been issues derived from planning process to respond to the needs of different people with different ethnic background..

New Urbanism

The new urbanism  is actually a contemporary idea or approach used in  contemprary development planning to change the look of the existing cities. This model is actually derived from old idea but aiming at redeveloping  the exidting form of cities to be more efficient , and sustainable. As there have been many development  issues physically, economically and socially  created within the existing cities, the modern planners are working to address the existing issues by improving the connectivity, implementing mix-used development model. Jane jacobs's contributed a very important idea in reshaping the existing cities. She advocated for the abolitions of zoning law and proposing for the  restoration of free markets in land that would possibly result in dense and mixed-use neighborhoods.. she also hightlited the creation of vibrant urban community.. even though at first her idea was purely opposed by other planners, eventually those opponents also support her ideas of moving the existing city.

New Planning Theory

Theory of Planning presented  by Susan Fainstein clasified  into three inportant  areas such as planning for  social issues, planning on physical development, and also planning on economic issues. Planning for social issues encompasses people and their interaction in social life. in addition, Physical planning covers planning for space and places where people can interact well. Moreover, Planing for economic covers planning for polical and economic.. In order to achieve the outcomes of development planning. she  used three planning approaches.. First approach is called Communicative model. this model highlight more on community participation in planning. Active participation of community though feedback and advice will eventually assist the planner to create a better planning product. the second planning model is known as New urbanism model that is to redevelop the city to be more compact, liveable, walkable and promote the mixed-used of physical elemement of infrastractures such as buildings, shops, office,, and accomodation. Another planning model is called Just city.. The objective od this approach is to create a city that requaires the incorporation of three principles such as democracy in the sense that a city should promote social justice,diversity and also equality..

Town planning theory since 1945 (3 significant developments but no paradigm shifts

There is an avious shifts in town planning theory or thought overtime.  The shift of town planning thought is questioned on its apppropriateness in the planning theory whether or not it is seen as paradigm,which is the long existing world views that is fundamental and exists overtime. In this respect,  there are three outstanding shifts of thought in the town planning theory: the first is from 1960s shift  the view of town planning as an exercise in physical planning and urban design to the systems and rational process views of planning.second, from town planning as an activity which  are in favor of  technical expertise and include a political process of making value-judgements about environmental change.in this respect a planners should  act as a manager and facilitator.the last shift is  from modernism (modernists) to post-modernism  planning model. The shift of thought in the planning world was also seen to be the stepping stone to allocate the planners in a right way in the planning profession. From the idea of shift of thought by  kuhnian perspective is considered as a paradigm shift or known as revolutionary science basis. The idea used by historian, Thomas khun ,refered to the radical  change in thingking from an accepted point of view to a new one.According to Khun, the planning thought would be effective if it is based on scientific perspective as it will then sustain the planning to be the long-term model.
Because of the kuhnian's scientifical approach, the theory of town planning shifted perspective of planning as art to planning as science. The scintific approach by Khun  also triggered four fundamental changes/shifts in town planning thought sucah, from physical or morphological aspects to the complexiticy of planning activities, from physiscal and aesthetical basis to social and economic activities, from planning as end-state, or blueprint to planning that can make places alive, and the application of scientific analysis in the shaping of town planning..

How Plans Works

Direct remedy for the arrangement and the role of urban plan was emphasized by urban developers in 1920s. This approach then legislated as the standard City planning enabling Act.in order to implement this, a citizen advisory commission was formed under SCPEAS to implement the plan as well as overseeing the implementation. The focus of the plan was to guide the public and private sector specifically in making decision on development. However, in the process of preparing their model of plan,, some cities had formed their own planning commission in their own cities. As a result, there had been some plan models already created such as; plan of Washington DC 1901 the author of these plans recommended five important purposes of a plan model, such as, a plan should become an agenda, a plan should cover a set of policies, it should determine a clear vision, and a plan should seek for action or design, and also it should have a hierarchical model for decision making.  Among these planning models, Cincinnati was the first plan accepted to be implemented by the city planning commission.

Even though Cincinnati planning model was seen as a less comprehensive plan at that time, it had given a great solution for many different plans to be created since then. Cincinnati’s official city plan was then transformed to be the metropolitan master plan which represented one of the five purposes (agenda –setting type). A master plan should not just a compilation of plans, but it should represent the upshots of various consultations with interested stakeholders. In addition, a master plans should be like a map that can give clear description of location of various places, which based on five general policies, such as; the protection of heritage, unification of city and monumental principle, promoting sustainability, and improve transport system. Moreover, a plan should encompass two vital components of urban development plan such as; investment and regulation as both elements have interconnected effects to each other. Investment in physical development such as infrastructure can give efficient outcomes if the regulations are implemented, furthermore,, a good plan also can affects the investment and regulation.

The Practicioners and the art of Planning

The artof planning was previously pioneered by practicioners who divided themselves into two groups.the first group consisted of those who worked in the field, and the second group was those who  involved in the dissemination of knowledge and doing research in academia.. They were interested to developing the wings of planning  by expending their respective field in practice and also by ammending some of  official documents in academic. this was done by dividing their work into two parts,, the practioners developed half side the planning , the other group developed half in academia. in period of ninety years both grougps were able to share their knowledge into a consensus development of planning model which prepared for contemporary planning.The mutual development done through collective reseach which focussed on planning facets in the art of planning as well as reseach of challenges in planning. The portion of reasech divided into two parts where the " in-field" practicioners did the first half anf the "academia" practicioners was responsible for the last half.. This consensus development in planning area was designed to generate a new knowledge that could be used for the next generations. The outcome of the research should be based on three important facets :1. planning should highlightes the aesthetical aspect  planning which can generate an ideal community.2. Planning should emphasize on thecniques  of understanding legal, social  and geographical aspects. 3. planning should be based on personal atributions to monitor planning process and presentation.